Is there a disease that makes us love cats,
and do you have it?
Maybe,
and it’s more likely than you’d think.
We’re talking about toxoplasmosis,
a disease caused by toxoplasma gondii.
Like all parasites, toxoplasma lives at the expense of its host,
and needs its host to produce offspring.
To do that, toxo orchestrates a brain manipulation scheme
involving cats,
their rodent prey,
and virtually all other birds and mammals,
including humans.
Documented human infections go as far back as ancient Egypt.
We found samples in mummies.
Today, about a third of the world’s population is infected,
and most of them never even know it.
In healthy people, symptoms often don’t show up at all.
When they do, they’re mild and flu-like.
But those are just the physical symptoms.
Toxoplasma also nestles into our brains
and meddles with our behavior behind the scenes.
To understand why, let’s take a look at the parasite’s life cycle.
While the parasite can multiply in practically any host,
it can only reproduce sexually in the intestines of cats.
The offspring, called oocysts, are shed in the cat’s feces.
A single cat can shed up to a hundred million oocysts.
If another animal, like a mouse, accidentally ingests them,
they’ll invade the mouse’s tissues and mature to form tissue cysts.
If the mouse gets eaten by a cat,
the tissue cysts become active and release offspring
that mate to form new oocysts,
completing the cycle.
But there’s a problem.
A mouse’s natural desire to avoid a cat makes it tough to close this loop.
Toxoplasma has a solution for that.
The parasites invade white blood cells to hitch a ride to the brain
where they seem to override the innate fear of predators.
Infected rodents are more reckless and have slower reaction times.
Strangest of all, they’re actually attracted to feline urine,
which probably makes them more likely to cross paths with a cat
and help the parasite complete its life cycle.
How does the parasite pull this off?
Although the exact mechanism isn’t known, toxo appears to increase dopamine,
a brain neurotransmitter that is involved in novelty-seeking behavior.
Thus, one idea is that toxo tinkers with neurotransmitters,
the chemical signals that modulate emotions.
The result?
Fatal attraction.
But mice aren’t the only animals that end up with these parasites,
and that’s where humans, and all of toxo’s other hosts, come in.
We can accidentally ingest oocysts in contaminated water,
or unwashed produce,
or from playing in sandboxes,
or cleaning out litter boxes.
This is behind the common recommendation that pregnant women not change cat litter.
Toxo can cause serious birth defects.
We can also get toxo from eating undercooked meat
from other animals that picked up some oocysts.
And it turns out that toxo can mess with our brains, too.
Studies have found connections between toxo and schizophrenia,
biopolar disorder,
obsessive compulsive disorder,
and aggression.
It also slows reactions and decreases concentration,
which may be why one study found that people involved in traffic accidents
were almost three times more likely to have toxoplasma.
So is toxo manipulating our brains as an evolutionary strategy
to get predatory cats to eat us?
Or are our brains just similar enough to a rodent’s
that the same neurological tricks that lure them in catch us in the net, too?
And is toxo the reason so many people love cats and keep them as pets?
Well, the jury’s still out on that one.
Some recent studies even contradict the idea.
Regardless, toxoplasma has definitely benefited from humans
to become one of the world’s most successful parasites.
It’s not just our willingness to let cats on our dining room tables
or in our beds.
Raising livestock and building cities which attract rodents
has provided billions of new hosts,
and you and your cat may be two of them.
